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Foundational Caselaw
The cases below define the doctrine on this site:
- Brunner v. New York State Higher Educ. Servs. Corp., 831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987) - origin of the three-prong undue-hardship test (per curiam).
- McDaniel v. Navient Solutions, LLC, 973 F.3d 1083 (10th Cir. 2020) - private student loans outside Section 523(a)(8) scope; dischargeable without undue-hardship showing.
- Rosenberg v. New York State Higher Educ. Servs. Corp., 610 B.R. 454 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) - seminal post-Brunner critique; catalyst for the 2022 DOJ attestation guidance.
- Long v. Educational Credit Mgmt. Corp., 322 F.3d 549 (8th Cir. 2003) - totality-of-circumstances alternative; the 8th Circuit rejected the rigid Brunner three-prong framework.